Data

Making use of resources such as web archives recovered through the Wayback Machine, newsgroups, oral interviews, state reports, press and audio-visual archives, this chapter describes the relationship between the French state and the web in the second half of the 1990s at di erent levels, highlighting cultural impediments and state impetus towards the web, legal issues and the heritage of the Minitel.

À la croisée de l’histoire de l’innovation et des entreprises, de celle des médias et des TIC et de la sociologie des usages, saisis via des archives audiovisuelles et de la presse, mais aussi celles du Web et des Newsgroups, ces espaces intermédiaires que sont les cybercafés, à la fois médiatiques et médiatisés, incarnent tout à la fois les enjeux techniques, économiques, sociaux et culturels que pose l’arrivée du Web au cours de la seconde moitié de la décennie 1990 en France5 et témoignent des empreintes profondé- ment matérielles des mondes virtuels.

By means of open and sometimes slightly “shifted” questions (for example, on their enthusiasm as Internet users rather than developers – in fact in the early days of the Inter- net, they are usually “user-developers” –, or what they would change or relive in the his- tory of the Internet), well-known pioneering actors Vinton Cerf, Steve Crocker, Abhaya Induruwa, Dennis Jennings, John Klensin, G erard Le Lann, Paul Mockapetris and Ted Nel- son address a vast array of issues and topics which fully align with those of our journal: protocols and technical architectures, the applications and use

Who « invented » the Internet? Who holds the keys to the Internet? What sources, what actors should be given prominence in a history of the Internet and the Web able to fully take into account its origins, trajectories, turns, evolutions, continuities? The emergence of Arpanet in the 1960s, then, ten years later, of the Internet, is the product of a long-term innovation process that is yet to find its closure today, a process marked by the intertwining of socio-technical paths and heterogeneous networks of actors.

This article aims to show how computing and the writing of its history have jointly evolved from an internalist approach and a fascination for the machine and the hardware to a broader interest for the « computer in society » and then digital cultures. This historiographical panorama questions the historical glance on computing during the last four decades but also the way in which historians have progressively taken into account issues that were already underway in the study of ICTs.

Introduction to a special issueThe six articles and the introduction composing this issue fully situate themselves within the interdisciplinary dimension of digital heritage analyses, including perspectives from history, information and communication sciences, sociology of innovation, digital humanities or juridical sciences.

For more than four decades, the Internet has grown and spread to an extent where today it is an indispensable element in the communication and media environment of many countries, and indeed of everyday life, culture and society. These precipitous changes have called for the understanding of the innovations, actors, changes and continuities involved in these evolutions, from a technical, but also from a social, scientific, politic or economic point of view.

Les archives du Web sont le résultat d’un ensemble de processus qui implique à tous les stades – depuis leur conservation jusqu’à leur consultation, une variété d’acteurs, humains et techniques, des arbitrages et négociations, ainsi que des dispositifs socio-techniques. Ces questions concernent les archivistes, mais aussi les chercheurs.

In 1973, binaural stereo was introduced to the German public during the International Broadcasting Fair in Berlin. Based on the development of artificial head microphones, binaural stereo provided facsimile sound recordings that enabled listeners, when listening with headphones, to experience the spatial acoustics of the original recording situation. During the fair, Berlin-based radio station Radio in the American Sector (RIAS) broadcast the first binaural radio play.